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The distribution of vein calcite, tufa, and other features indicative of paleo-ground water discharge, indicates that during the early to middle Pleistocene the water table at Ash Meadows, in the Amargosa Desert, Nevada, and at Furnace Creek Wash, in east-central Death Valley, California, was tens to hundreds of meters above the modern water table, and that ground-water discharge occurred up to 18 km up-thehydraulic gradient from modern discharge areas. Uranium-series dating of the calcitic veins permits calculation of rates of apparent watertable decline; rates of 0.02 to 0.08 m/103 yr are indicated for Ash Meadows and 0.2 to 0.6 m/lO^ yr for Furnace Creek Wash. The rates for Furnace Creek Wash closely match a published estimate of vertical crustal offset for this area, suggesting that tectonism is a major cause for the displacement observed. In general, displacements of the paleo-water table probably reflect a combination of: a) tectonic uplift of vein calcite and tufa, unaccompanied by a change in water-table altitude; b) decline in water table altitude in response to tectonic depression of areas adjacent to dated veins and associated tufa; c) decline in water table altitude in response to increasing aridity caused by major uplift of the Sierra Nevada and Transverse Ranges during the Quaternary; and d) decline in water altitude in response to erosion triggered by increasing aridity and (or) tectonism. A synthesis of hydrogeologic, neotectonic, and paleoclimatologic information with the vein-calcite data permits the inference that the water table in the south-central Great Basin progressively lowered throughout the Quaternary. This inference is pertinent to an evaluation of the utility of thick (200-600 m) unsaturated zones of the region for isolating solidified radioactive wastes from the hydrosphere for hundreds of millenia. Wastes buried a few tens to perhaps 100 m above the modern water table that is above possible water level rises due to future pluvial climates are unlikely to be inundated by a rising water table in the foreseeable geologic future.

Water-table decline in the south-central Great Basin during the Quaternary Period; implications for toxic-waste disposal