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The need for hydrologic information in coalmining areas has intensified because of the recent increase in surface-mining activity and its potentially adverse impact dn the hydrologic environment. The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (Public Law 95-87) contains specific requirements regarding hydrologic information needed prior to mining, evaluation of the potential effects of proposed mines, measures to control these effects, and measures to provide land reclamation. The Act establishes specific limits for selected chemical constituents and physical properties of mine effluents. This report describes the physical and hydrologic features of Area 17, one of the 24 hydrologic reporting areas in the Eastern Coal province which includes parts of 10 states. The report provides a background for the more detailed, site-specific studies required by the Act. Area 17, consisting of approximately 4,200 square miles, is in two physiographic sections, the Cumberland Plateau and the Highland Rim. Numerous surface mines, about 3 percent of the land use, are in the Cumberland Plateau. Some deep mines also are operated in the Cumberland Plateau. No mines are operated in the Highland Rim. No significant trends in streamflow related to physiography can be detected, although the average annual flow ranges from approximately 1.2 to 2.1 cubic feet per second per square mile in much of Area 17. Ground water availability varies widely; well yields in parts of the Highland Rim in Tennessee range from about 5 to more than 600 gallons per minute, but reported well yields in 93 percent of the Highland Rim in Kentucky were less than 5 gallons per minute. Wells penetrating the fractured Pennsylvanian rocks yield from less than 5 to more than 300 gallons per minute. Increased sedimentation and acidic and (or) highly mineralized effluents from mine sites are the most severe surface-water problems in coal-mine areas. Low pH values and concentrations of iron and manganese exceeding limits for mine effluents have been determined at several sites. High sulfate concentrations have also been determined. Suspended-sediment loads and total recoverable iron concentrations are related and can be estimated at several sites. Locally severe water-quality problems may exist and not be detected. No mine drainage or seepage was sampled. Data-collection sites throughout the area were located both upstream and downstream from existing mine effluents.

Hydrology of area 17, Eastern Coal province, Tennessee and Kentucky