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---Suspended sediment References---Page ' ILLUSTRATION FIGURE 1. Map showing suspended-sediment sampling sites in the Yakima Indian Reservation--TABLE TABLE 1. Suspended-sediment data, selected streams in the Yakima Indian Reservation, Washington-Aayorldwidq t*w*d-Lu adupLluir"u£'Uie' -r the following factors are provided for conversion of English values used in this report to metric valuesx Multiply By To obtain Square miles (rai2 ) 2.590 square kilometres (km2 ) Acre-feet (acre-ft) 1233. cubic metres (m ) Tons 0.9072 tonnes r Tons per square mile 0.3503 tonnes per square (tons/mi2) ' kilometre (tonnesAm2 ) 2. 9* 2 -2. « » Q * 3 *~ _7 RECONNAISSANCE STUDY OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT BY SELECTED STREAMS IN THE YAKIMA INDIAN RESERVATION, WASHINGTON 1974 WATER YEAR By P. R. Boucher ABSTRACT This was a reconnaissance study for information on suspendedsediment concentrations and basin yields at on selected streams in the Yakima Indian Reservation in Washington. Suspended -sediment yields were generally low relative to thate indicated by data for other streams', in <J '&*' sothea stern Washing ton ***&. sou them Cascade Range, and the i * A, upper Columbia River basin. The highest long-term sediment yield on the reservation probably is from the Big Muddy Creek basin; the estimated annual yield is about 150 tons per square mile. The suspended sediment transported by this stream is largely from glacial outwash from Mount Adams. Other yields in the basin were estimated to be from 10 to 50 tons per square mile. Mass wasting is considered the principal cause of sediment transport in the streams studied Some evidence of accelerated sediment production due to road construction was found along Surveyor Creek. During the flood of January 1974, which has a calculated recurrence interval of more than 100 years, the maximum dt eJlS ̂cf i observed concentration was 7/830 milligrams per litre, in /\ the North Pork Simcoe Creek. During that flood, an estimated 70,000 tons of sediment was transported from the^ Toppenish Creek basin; this was nearly 600 tons per square mile. However, the long-term average annual yield was estimated to be only about 30 tons per square mile. INTRODUCTION During the 1974 water year, suspended-sediment samples were collected at 21 sites on various streams within the Yakima Indian Reservation. Samples also were collected on the North and South Forks of Ahtanum Creek just outside the northern boundary of the reservation. The locations of the sampling sites are shown in figure 1. Most samples Figure 1 belongs near here. were collected during the high streamflow periods of winter and during the spring. The reconnaissance nature of this study, with only a few samples collected at each site, required tye extrapolation .and interpolation of sediment data to areas of limited data coverage. A report by Nelson &s (1974) includes some previous sediment-transport data from * streams in that part of the reservation drained to* the Yakima River^including the North and South Forks of Ahtanum Creek. Streamflow records were available only for the North and South Forks of Ahtanum Creek and the Klickitat River below the West Fork Klickitat River. The sediment-yield data for these streams are therefore probably more reliable, than for the other streams. w\oude~ The study was ouiiduuLLd by the U.S. Geological Survey, under cooperative agreement with the Yakima Tribal Council. Streams throughout the forested parts of the Yakima Indian Reservation generally have similar characteristics in bed material and sediment transport. There is only moderate movement of large cobbles and boulders along the streambeds and the streams generally have low to moderate suspendedsediment concentrations. Clearings within .the forested areas are usually well covered with vegetal material -wi«Ee=ai*p<3*»«k The soils there are generally j*& a silt loam interspersed throughout '.-with numerous cobbles, and are generally not subject to severe erosion. The sediment yields determined in this study were low compared to those in the lowlands of southeastern Washington. Three studies by Nelson (1971,19743, I974b) of streams draining the western slope of the Cascade si and ..the upper Columbia River basin show that sediment yields^ are generally greater than those determined in this study. Data from Nelson's study of the Snohomish River basin during the 1967 and 1968 water years (Nelson, 1971, p. 231) indicated yields of 50 to 1,290 tons/mi^ with most yields about 100 tons/mi^ near the Cascades. Nelson's study of the Deschutes and Nisqually River basins during the 1972 and 1973 water years (Nelson, 1974b, p. 12,23) indicated that suspendedsediment yields ranged from 20 to ") 2,500 tons/mi Pe^ year; the latter yield was fron^Ni squally River basin, with much of the sediment originating in glacial streams draining Mount Rainier. Current logging practices are not considered to adversely affect sediment yields. However, some evidence from this study and experience in other areas indicate that construction of logging roads can accelerate erosion and precautionary measures should be taken. There have been numerous studies of the effects of logging roads on sediment transport. A report being prepared by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (written coramun., 1974) will discuss both the problems and the recommended procedures for minimizing the problems.Mass wasting the gradual downhill movement of soil, landslides, streambank erosion, and sloughing of road embankments--is considered the principal causear of sediment production in the parts of the reservation studied. SUSPENDED SEDIMENT During periods of low streamflow in late summer and early fall, suspended-sediment concentrations were generally less than 5 mg/1 (milligrams per litre). The highest observed suspended-sediment concentration was 7,830 mg/1, in the North Fork Simcoe Creek near White Swan (site 5 in fig. 1); this occurred during the flood of January 1974. The observed suspended-sediment concentrations at selected sites in the reservation are listed in table 1. Table 1 belongs near here. Observed data indicated a higher sediment yield from the Klickitat River basin above the West Fork Klickitat River than from any other basin in the reservation with the exception of Big Muddy Creek, which drains glaciers on Mount Adams. The estimated sediment yield from the Klickitat River basin above the West Fork Klickitat River 2 (site 16 in fig. 1) is about 50 tons/mi per year. A new road being built above that station, and streams cutting across the road during the spring snowmelt may have been the major sources of sediment during the sampling interval. Because there are no records of sediment concentration for past years, a comparison could not be made to determine if the concentration of sediment sampled during this investigation was greater than normal. / Concentrations of sediment were slightly less in Diamond Pork Creek (site 15 in fig. 1) than in the Klickitat River above the West Pork Klickitat River. The lower concentrations /were/ probably [due to little or no road construction along the main channel. However, the long, steep gradients in the basin probablv.p*edtteMf sediment*0d "The sediment yield from the Diamond Pork Creek basin was estimated to be about 30 tons/mi2 per year. Samples taken from Pish Lake Stream (site 17 in fig. 1) indicate that sediment concentrations equaled about onefifth those of the Klickitat River above the West Pork Klickitat CO M^(^-AX-^vC River. A jough i.'alaLlui'i of water discharges and sediment samples of Pish Lake Stream to those of the Klickitat River above the West Pork Klickitat River suggests a yield of 2 about 10 tons/mi per year from the Pish Lake Stream basin. The system of small lakes, which partially trap sediment, 5 and lower gradients in the stream oyotom below these lakes >f probably account for the rather low sediment yield. Sediment concentrations in Cunninghara Creek (site in ; fig. 1) were higher than those in Pish Lake Stream, probably because of the much steeper gradient. A yield of about 2 *, 20 tons/mi per year was estimated for thifi drainage. The sediment yield from the forested part of the Big 4 Muddy Creek basin is estimated to be about equal to that fll from the adjoing Cunningham Creek basin. The total sediment A yield from the Big Muddy Creek basin is affected by sediment produced from glacial streams draining Mount Adams. Data are lacking for a good estimate of the total sediment yield from this basin; however, based on the steep gradients in the basin and considering the quanteidapacf sediment glacial streams, a yield of 150 tons/mi per year' is ./i estimated. The White Creek basin is probably the most highly developed of the forested basins studied during this project According to tne Bureau of Indian Affairs (written commun . , A 1974) the White Creek basin has the greatest road density Jbyesr and areas of logging operations. However, suspendedsediment * / concentrations were all relatively low. (If this stream had been sampled during the flood of 1974, sediment concentrations would have been much higher than those obtained. ) vQg.) j,t may be that the lesser gradients in this basin and the current logging practices have not adversely affected 2 the sediment yield. A yield of about 20 tons/mi per year was estimated for the White Creek basin. -from The sediment yield Je*r£ the Klickitat River below White Creek is estimated to be about 20 tons/mi2 per year. Samples taken from Toppenish Creek at thejJJ.S.J Bureau of Indian Affairs gaging station near White Swan (site 4 in fig. 1) indicated only moderate amounts of sediment in transport except during the flood of January 1974. During this storm, an estimated 70,000 tons of sediment--or about f\ 600 tons/mi was transported from the Toppenish Creek above, sa*y>K*3 Sih *+ He&r forf Sti^co* tits-faric&/5{£& basin,* However, the long-term sediment yieldK/as estimated ^ fro** Hits

Reconnaissance study of sediment transport by selected streams in the Yakima Indian Reservation, Washington, 1974 water year