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Cyanobacteria can produce toxins and form harmful algal blooms. The Native American and Alaska Native communities that are dependent on subsistence fishing have an increased risk of exposure to these cyanotoxins. It is important to recognize the presence of an algal bloom in a waterbody and to distinguish a potentially toxic harmful algal bloom from a non-toxic bloom. This guide provides field images that show cyanobacteria blooms, some of which can be toxin producers, as well as other non-toxic algae blooms and floating plants that might be confused with algae. After recognition of a potential toxin-producing cyanobacterial bloom in the field, the type(s) of cyanobacteria present needs to be identified. Species identification, which requires microscopic examination, may help distinguish a toxin-producer from a non-toxin producer. This guide also provides microscopic images of the common cyanobacteria that are known to produce toxins, as well as images of algae that form blooms but do not produce toxins. Introduction Algae are a group of organisms with similar traits that unify them as a group but with specific characteristics that are used to separate one organism from another. As an example, chlorophyll a, used by algae to capture sunlight for photosynthesis, is common to virtually all organisms called “algae.” One major separation of algae is the basic cellular organization into prokaryotic organisms, such as the cyanobacteria that do not have internal organelles, and eukaryotic organisms, which include all the rest of the algal groups. The eukaryotic organisms are further divided on the basis of pigments, cell wall composition, photosynthetic storage compounds, flagella, and genetics. Many flagellated forms have greater affinity and are often classified as Protozoa. Most recently, genetic affiliations between the hierarchical organization of algae and the individual species has led to a continuous flux in the names of organisms. Many approaches are available for organizing these groups. Table 1, which is based on the “Freshwater Algae of North America, 2015” (Wehr and others, 2015), provides a list of the “groups” of algae as well as some common names and synonyms for most freshwater algae. Field and Laboratory Guide to Freshwater Cyanobacteria Harmful Algal Blooms for Native American and Alaska Native Communities By Barry H. Rosen1 and Ann St. Amand2 Table 1. Classification, common names, and synonyms for most freshwater algae. Division, Phylum, Group, or Class Common name Synonyms Cyanobacteria1 Blue-green algae, cyanobacteria, cyanophytes Cyanophyta, Cyanophycota, Cyanophyceae Chlorophyta2 Green algae Chlorophycota Charophyceae2 Stoneworts Charophyta Bacillariophyceae3 Diatoms Bacillariophyta3 Rhodophyta3 Red algae Euglenophyta3 Euglenoids Euglenophyta Pyrrhophyta3 Dinoflagellates Dinophyta, Pyrrophyta, Dinophyceae3 Haptophyceae3 Golden algae Haptophyta, Prymnesiophyta Synurophyceae,3 Chrysophyceae3 Golden or golden-brown algae Chrysophytes, Synurophytes Cryptophyta3 Cryptomonads 1Oren (2004). 2Leliaert and others (2012). 3Wehr and others (2015). 1U.S. Geological Survey.

Field and laboratory guide to freshwater cyanobacteria harmful algal blooms for Native American and Alaska Native communities