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To effectively plan site-specific studies to understand the connection between wastewater effluent and shellfish beds, data are needed concerning flow dynamics and background fluorescence in the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway near the effluent outfalls on Sullivan’s Island and the Isle of Palms. Tidal flows were computed by the U.S. Geological Survey for three stations and longitudinal water-quality profiles were collected at high and low tide. Flows for the three U.S. Geological Survey stations, the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway by the Isle of Palms Marina, the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway by the Ben M. Sawyer Memorial Bridge at Sullivan’s Island, and Breach Inlet, were computed for the 53-day period from December 4, 2011, to January 26, 2012. The largest flows occurred at Breach Inlet and ranged from -58,600 cubic feet per second (ft3/s) toward the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway to 63,300 ft3/s toward the Atlantic Ocean. Of the two stations on the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway, the Sullivan’s Island station had the larger flows and ranged from -6,360 ft3/s to the southwest (toward Charleston Harbor) to 8,930 ft3/s to the northeast. Computed tidal flow at the Isle of Palms station ranged from -3,460 ft3/s toward the southwest to 6,410 ft3/s toward the northeast. The synoptic water-quality study showed that the stations were well mixed vertically and horizontally. All fluorescence measurements (recorded as rhodamine concentration) were below the accuracy of the sensor and the background fluorescence would not likely interfere with a dyetracer study. Introduction Proposed changes in water-quality limits for fecal coliform may have potential effects on the open shellfish beds (those beds where harvesting is allowed) near the effluent outfalls of the Sullivan’s Island and the Isle of Palms wastewater treatment plants (fig. 1). A number of alternative study approaches can be used to better understand the potential connections between wastewater effluent and the shellfish bed, including dye-tracer studies, sediment sampling for wastewater indicators, and thermal plume tracking. To effectively plan such studies, data are needed concerning the flow dynamics and background fluorescence of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway near the effluent outfalls on Sullivan’s Island and the Isle of Palms in South Carolina. Tidal flow dynamics of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway, located on the landward side of the barrier islands along the South Carolina coast, are quite complex because of reversing tidal flows, interconnected tidal creeks, multiple connections between barrier islands and the Atlantic Ocean, wetting and drying of extensive tidal marshes, and semidiurnal tides with a 5to 7-foot (ft) vertical range. Often, flows in these systems are characterized by large, bidirectional tidal excursions during the flood and ebb tides and by small residual (net) flows over the tidal cycle. Dye fluorometry is an established method for tracing the movement of water in many hydrologic settings. When used as a tracer, the concentration of a dye is directly proportional to its fluorescence. Background fluorescence can interfere or enhance the fluorescence of the dye, thereby causing overestimation of the movement and dispersion of the dye (Hartel and others, 2007). Elevated background fluorescence can be caused by optical brighteners commonly found in the effluent of wastewater treatment plants and septic tanks. Optical brighteners have the ability to fluoresce and interfere with the measurement of rhodamine dye used as a hydrologic tracer. Other sources of background fluorescence include naturally occurring humic substances that produce the “blackwater” of coastal waters, synthetic organic compounds that can reach the water during rainfall runoff, and various by products from pulp and paper production (Hartel and others, 2007). The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control, initiated a data-collection effort in 2011 to measure the tidal flow dynamics and background fluorescence in the 2 Tidal Flow Dynamics and Background Fluorescence of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway

u.s. geological survey open file report/open-file report

Tidal flow dynamics and background fluorescence of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway in the vicinity of Sullivan’s Island and the Isle of Palms, South Carolina, 2011-12