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The Nonpoint Source Water Pollution Abatement Program was created in 1978 by the Wisconsin Legislature. The goal of the program is to improve and protect the water quality of lakes, streams, wetlands, and ground water within selected priority wa­ tersheds by controlling sources of nonpoint pollution. For each selected watershed, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Re­ sources drafts a management plan that guides the implementation of pollutioncontrol strategies known as Best Manage­ ment Practices (BMP’s). This plan summa­ rizes resource and land-use inventories, describes the results of pollution-source modeling, and suggests pollution reduction goals. The U.S. Geological Survey, through a cooperative effort with the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, is moni­ toring water-quality improvements that re­ sult from the implementation of BMP’s. The data collected are then compared to the watershed plans to assess progress and de­ termine whether goals are being realized. This fact sheet describes the data-collec­ tion efforts, preliminary results, and planned that same source. The barnyards investi­ gated were identified by each watershed plan as critical nonpoint sources based on herd size, lot size, proximity to the stream, and downslope overland flow characteris­ tics. Otter Creek is within the Sheboygan River Priority Watershed, 15 miles west of Lake Michigan, in east-central Wisconsin (fig. 1). The drainage area of Otter Creek is 9.2 square miles at the downstream sam­ pling station, and land use in the watershed is 67 percent agricultural (Bachhuber and Foye, 1993). Upstream and downstream sampling stations, each of which are equipped to continuously monitor streamwater levels and collect dis­ crete water samples, were installed at Otter Creek in March 1994. Water samples are collected with a refrigerated water-quality sampler that is activated by the rise and fall of streamwater levels. Halfway Prairie Creek is within the Black Earth Creek Priority Watershed, 20 miles northwest of Madison, in south-cen­ tral Wisconsin (fig. 1). The drainage area of Halfway Prairie Creek is 16.1 square miles at the downstream sampling station, and land use in the watershed is 60 percent agricultural (Eagan and Morton, 1989). Upstream and downstream sampling sta­ tions were installed at Halfway Prairie Creek in April 1995. The upstream sampling sta­ tion continuously monitors streamwater levels and precipitation and collects dis­ crete water samples with a refrigerated water-quality sampler. The downstream station is equipped to collect water samples only. Upstream-downstream sampling schemes have the inherent potential for upstream loading sources to mask the ef­ fects of the investigated source, because data-analysis techniques of monitoring individual inputs are often small com­ projects for pre-BMP conditions at two pared to the cumulative inputs from upbarnyards, one each on Otter Creek and Halfway Prairie Creek.

Evaluating barnyard Best Management Practices in Wisconsin using upstream-downstream monitoring