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The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) quantitatively assessed the potential for undiscovered, technically recoverable conventional oil and gas resources in the Sirte and Pelagian Basin Provinces of Libya, Tunisia, Malta, and Italy (fig. 1). The Sirte and Pelagian Basin Provinces encompass a series of generally northwest–southeast trending horsts (or platforms) and grabens (or troughs) representing a polyphase history of rifting, subsidence, and postrift thermal sag beginning in the Triassic and continuing into the Neogene (Montgomery, 1994; Abadi and others, 2008; Badalini and others, 2009; Fiduk, 2009; Mriheel, 2015). The extent and orientation of rifts, magnitude of subsidence related to rifting events, and postrift deposition were the result of the diachronous opening of the Atlantic and Tethys Oceans, temporal variations in the movement of the African and Apulian Plates and Calabrian arc, and transpressional to transtensional motion along regional strike-slip faults in northernmost Africa (Fiduk, 2009; Hassan and Kendall, 2014). Major petroleum source rocks deposited in the Sirte and Pelagian Basins reflect a complex tectonic and eustatic history and include the Lower Cretaceous Nubian Sandstone; the Upper Cretaceous Sirte, Rachmat, and Etel Shales in the Sirte Basin (and their Paleocene equivalents in the Pelagian Basin); and the Eocene Bou Dabbous Formation (or Bilal Shale) in the Pelagian Basin (Gumati and Schamel, 1988; Affouri and Montacer, 2014; Hassan and Kendall, 2014; Hrouda and Abdulhafied, 2019). Silurian source rocks have been reached by drilling in the Tunisian offshore part of the Pelagian Basin, and the Silurian source rocks are known to exist immediately to the south in the Ghadames Basin (Wang and others, 2019). Spatial variations in subsidence, thickness of synrift fill, heat flow, and Neogene uplift and erosion resulted in a complex pattern of source-rock thermal maturity across the study area (Montgomery, 1994). However, the extent of gas occurrence appears to be more extensive in the offshore compared to the onshore portions of the Sirte and Pelagian Basins (Futyan and Jawzi, 1996; Klett, 2001).

Assessment of undiscovered oil and gas resources of the Sirte and Pelagian Basin Provinces of Libya, Tunisia, Malta, and Italy, 2019