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Quicksilver deposits have been found at widely separated localities throughout southwestern Alaska, an area of several thousand square miles. The deposits consist principally of fracture fillings in faults in brittle rocks of diverse types, including graywacke, shale, granite, dolomitized limestone, and altered dike rocks. Current production (1960) is principally from ore bodies in or near faulted and altered diabase dikes, but promising deposits are found in dolomitized limestone and in massive graywacke. Individual ore bodies are localized by diverse structural or petrologic controls, yet features present in all the deposits are faults, which channeled ore-bearing solutions, and open spaces, in which cinnabar was deposited. The ores consist of cinnabar, which may be accompanied in individual deposits by large amounts of stibnite or by pyrite or marcasite, native mercury, or realgar or orpiment. Nonmetallic gangue minerals are dolomite or ankeritic dolomite, quartz, calcite, limonite, and clay minerals, including dickite. Dark cinnabar, which is generally rimmed by light cinnabar, contains detectable amounts of iron; hematite in small amounts is intimately intergrown with some of the ore. The ores were deposited probably where rising hydrothermal solutions met a copious flow of ground water. The localization of many generally richer deposits near altered diabase dikes probably resulted principally from rapid chemical changes involving dilution and acidification of alkaline ore solutions by acid sulfate waters derived from oxidation of the pyrite found in all altered dikes. The limonite and hematite found with all the ores were probably in part deposited concomitantly with the cinnabar and stibnite and are considered here as hydrothermal minerals, even though the iron may have been brought into the hydrothermal system by ground water. The deposits are found along an arcuate zone of tectonic activity containing Tertiary volcanic rocks that in tun1 are cut by faults of a still active system. Near one group of deposits, a cold-water spring containing sulfur and chloride is depositing a foul-smelling black mud that contains mercury, antimony, and all the rarer elements generally found in the ores. The authors believe that additional prospecting will disclose more deposits and that continued exploration of known deposits and close attention given to factors outlined in this report will result in the discovery of minable ore bodies.

Quicksilver deposits of southwestern Alaska a description of the quicksilver mines and prospects, with special emphasis on the structural controls of ore deposition