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Fires that are expected to spread widely must rst be extinguished using a suf cient water source. However, street blockages make it dif cult to arrive smoothly at re sites and a lack of water due to water outages may prevent prompt re ghting. In this paper, we construct a water outage simulation model on the network of water service pipes, and integrate this model into the urban damage simulation model and re ghters’ activity model. Moreover, we demonstrate the effects of using hydrants and influence of water outage on the prevention of fire spreading. We attempt to evaluate the effects of widespread water pressure meter system, which supports understanding the status of hydrants. Finally, we discuss the availability of hydrants after a large earthquake.

AVAILABILITY OF HYDRANTS AFTER A LARGE EARTHQUAKE: SIMULATION ANALYSIS ON WATER OUTAGE, FIRE-SPREADING, AND FIREFIGHTING