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1.1 Background The theories and ideologies of Tibetan Buddhism introduced in the 7th century bestowed old Tibetan cities with unique urban forms that formed around religious cores. Moreover, with the development of Tibetan Buddhism, a religious activity developed in which pilgrimages to sacred places were made following a particular route in a clockwise direction around sacred places. This eventually became a daily religious activity of the Tibetan people. Such pilgrimage routes are called kora paths in Tibetan. The subsequently expansion of Tibetan cities resulted in the kora paths becoming incorporated into urban environments as important religious streets, which we refer to as “kora streets” in this study. Lhasa city, the central city of Tibet, has a large number of religious buildings and facilities within its urban areas. In the last few decades, Lhasa has undergone rapid development, and it has experienced much physical expansion as well as change in terms of the social systems of its residents. Subsequently, the religious buildings and the surrounding Kora paths of the city have changed in several respects. First, the motorization until recently in the kora streets which were mainly occupied by pedestrians has caused the motor vehicles take precedence in the management and design of streets. Second, it has been requested to expand the capacity of the Kora streets to accommodate the ever-increasing numbers of pedestrians and automobiles; in addition, new types of pedestrian such as tourist, shopper, and so on, have led the reuse of buildings and facilities along the streets. As a result, the Kora street in Lhasa city have probable encountered the threats from both of cultural and environmental aspects. In this context, studies on the physical composition and behaviors occurring in the kora street areas of Lhasa city are important to identify existing problems and to propose strategies for future development, as well to provide reference points for other Tibetan cities which are experiencing the early stages of urbanization. 1.2 Previous Research There have been a limited amount of studies on the kora street spaces in Tibetan cities. A research project between Tibet University and the Norwegian University of Science has explored some of the important elements of kora streets as important factors of the urban landscape. 1) The Chinese researchers analyzed the formation of Barkhor Street (one of the kora streets in Lhasa) from the perspective of Tibetan history and culture. The result of their study showed a close

SPATIAL COMPOSITION AND BEHAVIOR CHARACTERISTICS OF PILGRIMAGE ROUTES IN LHASA CITY, TIBET