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viii 1. IN"TRODUCTION  1 2. BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW  3 2.1 APGC background  .- 3 2.2 Thermochemical biomass conversion  5 2.3 Thermochemical conversion definitions  5 2.4 Fluidized bed gasification  :  7 2.5 Overview of syngas cleanup  9 2.5.1 Particulate matter removal.  10 2.5 .2 Tar formation and removal processes  13 2.6 Calcium-based sorbents for syngas upgrading and contaminant removal...  15 2.6.1 Syngas upgrading and agglomeration reduction with calcium-based sorbents .16 2.6.2 Sulfur capture using calcium-based sorbents in an various atmospheres  16 2.6.3 Equilibrium sulfur species in syngas  19 2.6.4 Disposal ofCaS  20 2.7 Metal-based sorbents for H2S removal in gasification processes  21 2.7.1 Mixed-metal oxides  24 2. 7 .2 Metal-based sorbent regeneration  25 2.7.3 Summary of metal-based sorbents  25 3. EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS AND METHODS  27 3.1 Experimental apparatus  27 3.1.1 Seed com feeding system  27

Hot gas cleanup of biomass-derived syngas from a pilot-scale, air-blown, fluidized bed gasifier