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Four distinct lineages of the non-pollinating fig wasp Idarnes have recently been described associated with the Sonoran Desert rock fig Ficus petiolaris, providing a unique opportunity for comparative phylogeographic study of multiple, closely related parasites attacking the same host. AFLP variation among fig populations is better explained by genetic differentiation between peninsular and continental populations than between described subspecies (F. petiolaris subsp. petiolaris and subsp. palmeri). Moreover, neighbor joining trees constructed for peninsular populations revealed topological evidence of postPleistocene range expansion with a serial nesting of northern populations within more southern ones. Three of the Idarnes lineages were common and widespread enough to permit phylogeographic examination using mitochondrial sequence data. Consistent with genetic structure of the host, none of these lineages covaried with the host subspecies. Also consistent with the host data, one lineage exhibited significant genetic evidence of vicariance between and range expansion within peninsular and continental populations. In contrast, the other two lineages exhibited a high level of gene flow between these regions and no evidence ofrange expansion within them. Phylogeographic asymmetries between parasites indicate very different capacities for gene flow despite phylogenetic and ecological similarities and an identical spatio-temporal distribution of host resources. Differences in the concordance of host and parasite genetic structures have important implications for their coevolutionary

A challenge to the paradigm of cospeciation in highly coevolved systems: the Sonoran Desert rock fig and its wasp parasites