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ion to concentrate on the words "history" and "culture" because, while circumstance and environment greatly afreet the life of a people, contradiction and conflict are basic to human nature. With these qualifications in mind it is still fair to say America is a land in which the friction between dream and reality has been especially felt and especially potent in influencing the lives of its individual people. Our artist, especially our writer, with his more sensitized nature and habits of close observation and analysis is likelj"* to be most conscious and most consciously disturbed by the discrepancies in nature in general, and the American environment will deepen this av/areness. It may be impossible to conceive of a disillusioned Puritan, as Perry tliller contends (6o), but it is fairly easy to understand the partial but deep-seated disillusionment — what Alfred Kazin calls "their deep and 7 subtle alienation . . ♦ on native grounds" — in writers like Nathaniel Hawthorne and Bernard Malamud which moves their already skeptical natures to plumb the traf-ical, ambiguous depths of experience. Hawthorhe's own nature and personal heritage did much to develop his absorption in the conflictin;; fi^cets in human nature and in American life — and in the isolation which they engendered in the aware, A long period of his life, I825 to I837, was spent largely alone in his room in Salem tr^/ing to become a writer. Kot only were these years of self-imprisonment his viriting apprenticeship but also a search for self-knowledge. "He was almost as i.iuch a puz'/.le to himself • « . as he was to anyone else» He seemed, in fact, to be two men; and the one vras constatitly in the attitude of watching and conunenting on the other,V/ith one hand Hawthorne reached out for solitude but with the other often pushed aside his painfu'l loneliness and turned to the companionship of warm friends such as Franklin Pierce and Horatio Bridge and, after 18^1-2, his beloved 3op:-.ia. It seems his tendency toward solitude sometimes filled };iia with guilt or, at least, grave doubts as to its rightness so he fluctuated betueen secrecy and selfrevelation, bct;;cen a literary concentration on the virtues and suffering of the isolated man and the need for social responsibility and

The affinity of theme and technique in the novels of Nathaniel Hawthorne and Bernard Malamud