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The Botrychium lunaria complex comprises nine distinct taxa, including the diploids Botrychium neolunaria sp. nov. ined., B. lunaria var. lunaria var. nov. ined., B. lunaria var. crenulatum comb. nov. ined., B. lunaria var. melzeri var. nov. ined., Botrychium incisum sp. nov. ined., B. tunux var. tunux var. nov. ined., B. tunux var. “nevada”, B. tunux var. “norway”, and the allotetraploid B. yaaxudakeit. The results of enzyme electrophoresis and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) mapping of genotypes in relation to Quaternary Period glacial-interglacial cycles indicate that the present distribution of the taxa may, in large part, be explained in the context of Quaternary glaciation. Events affecting the distribution of plants include expanding ice sheets obliterating ancient taxa, ice sheets or associated climate changes creating barriers to gene flow, refugia and periglacial areas providing for survival of taxa, and melting of ice sheets allowing for dispersal of taxa to previously glaciated areas. The present distribution of members of the B. lunaria complex can also be explained, in part, by long distance dispersal via spores. Evidence such as patterns in allelic composition, amounts of genetic variation, introgression between taxa and estimated times of divergence, coupled with Botrychium’s high level of inbreeding, are particularly useful for investigating the evolution of the complex. Genetic variability is greater in some taxa than others, providing evidence useful in identification of ancestral taxa and populations and those derived from long distance 13 USDA Forest Service, Alaska Region, 204 Siginaka Way, Sitka, Alaska 99835. 14 Department of Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames Iowa 50011.

A taxonomic and phylogeographic study of the Botrychium lunaria complex