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The temperate clade is a diverse but poorly understood major lineage of woody bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae: Bambuseae). Ongoing work is needed to reconstruct evolutionary relationships and establish nomenclatural stability for this difficult but ecologically and economically important group. We present the first robust multilocus plastid phylogeny for the temperate bamboos, assess relationships among key genera with an emphasis on Arundinaria and its allies, and discuss evolutionary phenomena potentially responsible for the taxonomic complexity of this group. Utilizing a total of twelve cp DNA regions (1 coding, 10 intergenic spacers, 1 intron), the temperate bamboos were resolved to include six major lineages: the Bergbamboes Lineage, the African Alpine Bamboo Clade, the Chimonocalamus Clade, the Shibataea Clade, the Phyllostachys Clade, and the Arundinaria Clade. The resulting chloroplast phylogeny is incongruent with current morphological classifications, rendering subtribes and many genera polyor paraphyletic. Within the Arundinaria Clade, several lineages were identified including the Sasa Clade, the Pleioblastus s.s. Clade, and a clade containing Chinese species currently classified in Acidosasa, Indosasa, Pleioblastus sect. Amari, and Pseudosasa subg. Sinicae (the Sinicae Clade). The analysis also recovered a monophyletic Arundinaria sensu stricto and indicated Sasa and Sasamorpha as possible close relatives of the North America species, although results were equivocal. We also report the results of a molecular phylogenetic analysis of Arundinaria in North America, including estimates of genetic variation and evidence of natural hybridization and introgression among all three native species. The study involved a comparative analysis of amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and chloroplast DNA sequences representing diversity within and among all three species of Arundinaria sensu stricto plus accessions with intermediate or unusual morphological characteristics (putative hybrids). Molecular evidence demonstrates that A. tecta and A. appalachiana are sister species, forming a clade that is significantly divergent from A. gigantea. All three species retain the potential for cross-fertilization, albeit presumably rare due to allopatry and infrequent flowering. Detected patterns of hybridization were relatively shallow, with the majority of hybrids being the apparent direct (F1) product of crosses between A. gigantea and A. tecta.

Phylogenetic relationships among the temperate bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) with an emphasis on Arundinaria and allies