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x GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 Purpose of the Present Study 3 Dissertation Organization 4 LITERATURE REVIEW 5 Multiracial/Multiethnic Issues in Vocational Counseling 7 Major Questions, Concerns and Obstacles 7 Cultural Sensitivity and Relevance 7 Access to Resources and Services 9 Multicultural Terminology 11 Lack of Research Consensus 15 Recent Advancements and Current Directions 17 A Review of the Contemporary Vocational Theories 18 Trait-and-Factor Based Theories 19 Strong's Vocational Interest "Theory" 20 Overview 20 Multiracial/multiethnic issues 21 Holland's Vocational Personality Theory 22 Overview 22 Multiracial/multiethnic issues 24 Roe's Personality Theory of Career Choice 27 Overview 27 Multiracial/multiethnic issues 28 Developmental Theories 29 Super's Theory of Vocational Development 29 Overview 29 Multiracial/multiethnic issues 29 Gottfredson's Theory of Circumscription and Compromise 30 Overview 30 Multiracial/multiethnic issues 30 Additional Theories 31 Betz and Hackett's Career Self-Efficacy Theory 31 Overview 31 Multiracial/multiethnic issues 32 Cheatham's Theory of African American Career Development 32 Overview 32 Multiracial/multiethnic issues 33 Summary 34 iv Multiracial/Multiethnic Interests Patterns, Structure, and Validity 35 Non-Caucasian Racial and Ethnic Interest Patterns and Structure 35 African American Interests 36 Hispanic American Interests 37 Asian American Interests 39 American Indian Interests 41 Interests Among Multiple Racial and Ethnic Groups 41 Validity of Interests Theories and Scales 43 Construct-Relevant vs. Construct-Irrelevant Variance 43 Consequential Validity and Outcome Assessment 46 Conclusion 48 PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS: SELECTION OF ITEM SUBSET FOR FACTOR ANALYSIS 51 Participants 51 Selection of Potential Item Subsets 52 The Initial Item Pool 52 Selection Method A 52 Selection Method B 53 Evaluation of the Potential Item Subsets 53 Conclusion 56 STRUCTURE AND VALIDITY OF VOCATIONAL INTEREST SCALES WITH U.S. RACIAL AND ETHNIC GROUPS: EXPLORING THE INTERESTS BEYOND RIASEC57 Abstract 57 Introduction 58 Method 63 Participants 63 Balanced Sample 64 Demographic Characteristics 64 Item Selection and Measures 66 Items 67 Factor Scales 68 Basic Interest Scales 70 General Occupational Themes 70 Personal Style Scales 71 Job Families 72 Analyses 73 Analysis of Factor Scale Interest Structure 73 Within groups 73 Across groups 74 Concurrent Predictive Analysis 74 Results 75 Factor Scale Interest Structure 75 Within Groups 75 V Across Groups 79 Concurrent Predictive Analysis 80 Discussion 82 GENERAL CONCLUSION 122 Factor Scale Interest Structure 123 Concurrent Predictive Analysis 125 Limitations 126 Counseling and Research Implications 127 APPENDIX A: RAW FACTOR ANALYSIS DATA 129 APPENDIX B: RAW BIVARIATE CORRELATION DATA 245 APPENDIX C: ADDITIONAL BIVARIATE CORRELATION SUMMARY TABLES FOR CORRELATIONS BETWEEN FACTOR SCALE SETS 276 REFERENCES 295

Structure and validity of vocational interest scales with US racial and ethnic groups: exploring the interests beyond RIASEC