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i CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 Thesis Organization 1 Literature Review 2 Thesis Obj ectives 15 Literature Cited 15 CHAPTER 2. EXPANSION OF THE SOOTY BLOTCH AND FLYSPECK COMPLEX ON APPLES BASED ON ANALYSIS OF RIBOSOMAL DNA AND MORPHOLOGY ...28 Abstract 28 Introduction 29 Material and Methods 31 Results 36 Discussion 45 Acknowledgements 50 Literature Cited 50 Tables 58 Figures 63 CHAPTER 3. EVALUATION OF POST-HARVEST REMOVAL OF SOOTY BLOTCH AND FLYSPECK ON APPLES USING SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE, HYDROGEN PEROXIDE WITH PEROXYACETIC ACID, AND SOAP 74 Abstract 74 Introduction 75 Material and Methods 71 Results 84 Discussion 88 Acknowledgements 91 Literature Cited 92 Tables 97 Figures 100 CHAPTER 4. INFLUENCE OF SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF LEAF WETNESS DURATION IN APPLE TREE CANOPIES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF A WARNING SYSTEM FOR SOOTY BLOTCH AND FLYSPECK 104 Abstract 104 Introduction 105 Material and Methods 108 Results 112 Discussion 117 Literature Cited 119 Tables 125 Figures 129

Sooty blotch and flyspeck on apple: expansion of the fungal complex, post-harvest removal and heterogeneity of apple canopy wetness and its impact on the outcome of a disease-warning system