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Iowa farmers often use glyphosate (M-(phosphonomethyl) glycine) in glyphosate resistant crops for weed management. Inconsistent glyphosate control has been reported in common waterhemp (vdmaranfAwa f%6ercw/af%s (Mq. ex DC) and horseweed (Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.) populations. Therefore, an investigation was undertaken to ascertain the potential for selection of glyphosate resistance in common waterhemp, evaluate the genetics, and assess the potential for resistance transfer in two Conyza species. Rate responses verified that 0.62 kg acid equivalents (ae) of glyphosate ha ^ were required to reduce biomass by 50% (GR$o) in common waterhemp from Everly, Iowa, compared to 0.24 kg ae ha ^ of a pristine population from Paint Creek, Ohio. Recurrent selection was performed to isolate resistant and susceptible biotypes within the Everly population. Rate responses suggested that the frequency of resistant individuals increased in the first (Si) and second (S%) recurrent generations and that selection reduced the overall population variability to glyphosate. Interestingly, both the Si and S? populations selected for glyphosate resistance demonstrated sex ratios skewed towards maleness. Since variability for glyphosate resistance remained in the S%, a three-level selection strategy was used to isolate asexually propagated plants with a homogenous response to glyphosate. This research suggested that resistance can evolve in a common waterhemp population with a variable response to glyphosate. Hybridization between the glyphosate resistant horseweed and dwarf fleabane (Conyza ramoszsszma Cronq.) ranged from 0% to 9% in assisted crosses and > 95% in artificial crosses. The interspecific hybrid (Ff ) was phenotypically intermediate to both parents, but shared more homology to the dwarf fleabane parent. Stability, heterosis, and absence of reproductive barriers confirmed that the F" was fertile. Inheritance of glyphosate resistance in the F " followed the hybrid resistance model and the nuclear encoded, incompletely-dominant single gene (^-allele) model in the hybrid progeny (F% ). We argue that adequate fitness and niche differentiation are prerequisites for successful hybrid adaptation in the environment and that hybridization in Conyza may complicate the containment of glyphosate resistance in current agroecosystems.

Selection of glyphosate resistance in Amaranthus tuberculatus (Mq ex DC) J.D. Sauer and potential for transfer of glyphosate resistance in Conyza