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The present study investigates basic aspects of the flow of a density-stratified fluid past three-dimensional obstacles for Froude number ~ 0(1) and iso­ lated surface thermal forcing representative of diurnaUy varying mesoscale flows past mountainous islands such as Hawaii. In order to minimize param­ eter space, we have excluded the effects of friction, rotation, nonuniform am­ bient flow, and the complexities of realistic surface boundary layer and ter­ rain. Through simple scaJing arguments, we deduce that the parameter t]* for a given Froude number, and we provide crude estimates of a flow response for a range of 77*. The principal question addressed is for what values of 77* will a transition occur from the low-Froude-number flow regime, characterized by the stagnation and splitting of the lower upwind flow, to the regime in which flow passes over rather than around the obstacle. We show that the linear the­ ory captures such a tendency consistently with simple scaling arguments. To provide quantitative measures of flow variability with the Froude number and 77*, we employ an efficient isentropic numerical code and summarize the results of numerous simulations in the form of a regime diagram. The principal re­ sult is a simple criterion for the transition of a heated flow from the blocked to unblocked flow regime. We illustrate the relevance of the idealized study to natural flows with an example of appHcations to a flow past the Hawaiian Archipelago. 0(1) for mesoscale flows] controls thermally forced flows

Effects of surface thermal forcing on stratified flow past an isolated obstacle