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iv INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 4 Quercus rubra Seedling Growth 4 Light, Stand Density, and Quercus Establishment 5 R^ to Far Red Light Ratio 8 Quercus rubra Regeneration Methods 9 Improved nursery stock 10 Tree shelters 11 Clearcutting 12 Shelterwood treatments 13 STUDY OBJECTIVE AND HYPOTHESES 14 Hypotheses 14 STUDY AREA 16 McNay Site 17 Stephens Site 19 MATERIALS AND METHODS 24 RESULTS 32 Underplanted Seedling Performance 32 Red to Far Red Light Ratio Pretest 55 White Tree Shelters and Photosynthetic Active Radiation 57 Photosynthetic Active Radiation and Stand Density 61 Growth, Mortality, and light 63 Growth, Mortality, and Stand Density 69 Growth, Mortality, and Stocking 78 Competition 87 DISCUSSION 92 Height, Caliper, Mortality, and Tree Shelters 92 Root Class and Seedling Performauce 99 Light, Stand Density, Stocking, and Seedling Performance 100 Understory Competition and Seedling Performance 103

Five-year survival and growth of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L) seedlings in upland hardwood stands in south central Iowa