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Human activity has dramatically altered the natural nitrogen (N) cycle by tripling annual terrestrial N2 fixation through legume cultivation and ammonia synthesis. The predominance of annual grain cropping systems leads to fallow fields between growing seasons. In the upper Midwest United States, fallow fields are prone to nitrate (NO3) loss from soils to rivers and streams. This loss occurs mainly in the spring, as warm temperatures allow microbes to convert soil N to NO3, and spring rains lead to NO3 moving out of fields, largely through drainage. Cover crops are plants that are grown to improve or manage soil nutrients and structure instead of for harvest. In Iowa, the cold-tolerant cover crop cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) is well-suited to reduce NO3 loss by using NO and water when annual grain crops, such as corn, soybeans, or other plants grown for grain, are not growing and using NO3. However, the ability to grow cover crops is affected by the grain crop system in which they are grown. Rye must be terminated 10 days before corn (Zea mays L.) planting to maintain corn yield, but rye can be terminated any time before soybean (Glycine max L.) planting without affecting production. Since soybeans are planted on average 14 days later than corn, rye before soybeans can potentially have an average of 24 extra days to accumulate NO3, especially important at a time when most NO3 is lost. In addition to grain crop, the method of cover crop termination may also affect the ability to grow cover crops. Farmers can choose from a variety of herbicides and times at which to terminate cereal rye prior to corn or soybean planting, which may affect the potential for soil NO3 retention and N mineralization from decomposing rye that has been terminated. In a corn and soybean system in central Iowa, we investigated how cover crop presence, herbicide type, and herbicide timing affect soil nitrate, cover crop nitrogen accumulation, and cover crop decomposition. Herbicides included in the study were glyphosate and paraquat, which have different modes of

Influence of cereal rye spring termination timing and herbicide type on soil nitrate and litter composition