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Understanding factors that influence the persistence of influenza in an environment without host animals is critical to decision making for down times, set back distances and eradication programs in livestock production systems. This systematic review identified literature describing persistence of influenza in environmental samples i.e. air, water, soil, feces and fomites. An electronic search of PUBMED, CAB, AGRICOLA, Biosis and Compendex was performed and citation relevance was determined according to the aim of the review. Quality assessment of relevant studies was performed using criteria from experts in virology, disease ecology and environmental science. 9760 abstracts were evaluated, 40 appeared to report the persistence of influenza in environmental samples. Evaluation of full texts revealed 19 of the 40 studies were suitable for review as they described virus concentration measured at multiple sampling times with virus detectable at least twice. Within the 19 studies, there was significant heterogeneity in study design, quantification methods and outcome reporting. Seven studies reported survival in air (six published before 1970), seven in water (five published after 1990), two in feces and three on surfaces. All three fomite and five air studies addressed human influenza, and all water and feces studies pertained to avian influenza. Outcome measurements were transformed to half-lives, and resultant multivariate mixed linear regression models identified influenza surviving longest in water, compared with air, feces and fomites. Temperature was a statistically significant predictor of persistence over all matrices as well as air matrix specifically. Salinity and pH were significant predictors in water conditions.

The use of systematic reviews for decision making in animal production medicine and policy