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Standard anatomic classifications such as “trunk”, “lower limbs”, “upper limbs” can be misleading regarding the functional role and influence that the tissues in these body regions may play in adjacent body regions. In particular, much of the spine biomechanics literature has considered the lumbar spine in isolation, neglecting to account for the influence of the tissues of the lower extremities (muscles, ligaments and fascia) on the performance of the lumbar region of the torso. Some previous literature supports a systems level (i.e., trunk, pelvis and lower extremities) approach for better understanding of trunk stability during flexion-extension motions. The current study presents a new musculoskeletal model of the active spinal stability system that includes the local system (e.g., multifidus muscles) and global system (e.g., lateral erector spinae, rectus abdominis muscles etc.) as proposed by Bergmark (1989), but then adds a super global system that considers the influence of the lower extremity tissues on the responses of the lumbar region. This innovative model was verified throughout in vivo experiments involving human subjects that included three different physical exertion tasks that stressed the low back and the lower extremities in different ways to explore these important interactions. The empirical work in this dissertation focused on gathering data from the local, global and super global biomechanical systems before and after three 10 minute exercise protocols and then during a 40 minute recovery session. Twelve participants performed three separate experiments (three protocols) on different days: Protocol Aalternately perform 25 seconds of full trunk flexion and 5 seconds upright, relaxed posture; Protocol Balternately perform 25 seconds of isometric exertion in a 45 degree trunk flexion posture and 5 seconds upright, relaxed posture; and Protocol Cconsecutively perform 25 seconds of full trunk flexion followed by 5 seconds of upright, relaxed posture followed by 25 seconds of isometric exertion in a 45 degree

A systems-level perspective of the flexion-relaxation phenomenon in the lumbar spine