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Development of a renewable liquid transportation fuel is likely to be one of the most important challenges faced by scientists during the 21 st century. As biomass provides a renewable source of carbon it is ideally situated to supply this alternative to the traditional petroleum derived feedstocks. While there have been a number of different techniques used to convert biomass to liquid fuels, fast pyrolysis is particularly promising as it can quite efficiently break down biomass directly into a liquid. This resulting liquid, called bio-oil, is a very complex mixture containing a large number of oxygen functionalized compounds. Unfortunately, this oil has a number of issues that must be resolved before it can be effectively utilized as a liquid transportation fuel including acidity, reactivity, and low energy density. With this in mind, heterogeneously catalyzed C-C bond forming reactions potentially valuable for the upgrading of bio-oil were investigated. The aldol condensation is a well known reaction in organic chemistry usually promoted through the use of strong acid or bases. However, uses of these types of catalysts will likely cause undesirable side reactions. Ideally cooperative catalysis allows for weaker acids and bases to work in tandem to promote the reaction. Use of aluminum phosphate catalysts allowed for the tuning of the acidity and basicity of the materials through a nitridation process and hence probing of this cooperative catalysis. Through performing aldol condensations using model bio-oil compounds acetaldehyde, acetone, and MEK, it was found that acid and base sites were both needed to efficiently promote the cross condensation of the aldehyde and ketone. After reaction testing, a mechanism was proposed demonstrating the benefits of using heterogeneous catalysts as it allows for the coexistence of both acid and base sites.

Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions for bio-oil upgrading: heterogeneous catalyst and model compound studies