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and Implications The data demonstrate that digital analyses of liver ultrasonograms could diagnose fatty liver and degree of fatty liver (healthy liver, moderate fatty liver, and severe fatty liver with their ranges of 0 – 8, 8 12, >12% lipids of liver wet weight) with an accuracy of over 90%. Total lipid concentrations could be predicted for liver samples <8% of liver wet weight within 2% of wet weight. Therefore, ultrasound imaging is a reliable, non-invasive technique for determining liver lipid content and for diagnosing fatty liver in early lactation dairy cows to prevent loss of income for dairy farmers. Introduction Fatty liver (i.e., hepatic lipidosis) is associated with increased incidences of ketosis, mastitis, metritis (decreased resistance to disease), decreased and delayed conception rates, increased culling rates, and increased costs for raising necessary replacement heifers. It is estimated that up to 50% of the dairy cows in the United States go through moderate to severe fatty liver at or just after calving. For example, clinical and subclinical ketosis is estimated to cost more than $300,000,000 yearly for U.S. dairy farmers. Fatty liver is characterized by an accumulation of triacylglycerol (fat) in the liver that impairs the function of the liver. The fat accumulation in the liver is caused by the increased mobilization of fatty acids from the adipose tissue when cows are in negative energy balance. Liver biopsy followed by chemical analyses offers the only reliable diagnosis for fatty liver. Ultrasonic imaging techniques provide noninvasive information about structures of tissues. The transmitted ultrasound waves interact with tissue constituents, particularly water, collagen, and fat and get absorbed,

Non-invasive Diagnosis of Fatty Liver and Degree of Fatty Liver in Dairy Cows by Digital Analyses of Hepatic Ultrasonograms