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This study determines the secondary metabolites of the essential oils of ripe and unripe seeds of Azadirachta indica and then evaluated their antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials. Ripe and unripe seeds were subjected to hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus and analyzed using gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the volatile oils were also investigated using 2,2diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and agar well diffusion methods, respectively. The GC-MS analysis showed that the essential oils of ripe and unripe seeds contained fourteen (14) and twenty-three (23) therapeutically active compounds, respectively. Compounds present in high quantity in the essential oil of ripe seeds were: 5-hydroxymethyltetrahydro-2furanol (35.5%) and 2,5-dimethyl-1,5-heptadiene-3,4-diol (11.8%), palmitic acid (5.0%) and methyl-9-octadecenoate (5.0%), while 2-methyl-2-pentanethiol (31.9%), cis-oleic acid (21.0%), 4-methyl-5-nonanone (10.5%), toluene (6.0%) and o-xylene (6.0%) were the principal compounds in the essential oil of the unripe seeds. Essential oils of both ripe and unripe seeds showed high inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus. The essential oil of the unripe seeds showed moderate to high inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Free radical scavenging of the two essential oils gave IC50 values of 2.00 and 2.50 for ripe and unripe seeds essential oil, respectively. Essential oil of unripe seeds has higher antimicrobial strength than that of the ripe seed. Essential oils of the seeds of A. indica could serve as a good source of pharmaceuticals and industrially useful compounds.

Comparative Study of the Phytochemical and Bio-activities of the Essential Oils from Ripe and Unripe Seeds of Azadirachta indica