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We have developed analytical approach to determine the orientations of cross sections of optical indicatrix (OI) around the optic axes (OAs) in biaxial crystals. It has been found that the angular distribution of cross sections of the OI by the planes perpendicular to the directions close to the OA reveals a topological defect of OI orientations with the strength equal to 1⁄2. When a conical circularly polarized wave with cone’s axis coinciding with the OA in a biaxial crystal propagates through a sample, a singly charged optical vortex is generated. We have shown that splitting of a single OA in optically uniaxial crystals into two OAs due to electrooptic effect is accompanied by the topological reaction that involves dividing a single defect with the unit strength into two defects with the strengths equal to 1⁄2. We have experimentally discovered topological dipoles that consist of topological defects with the strengths of each defect within the pair equal to +1⁄2 and –1⁄2.

ukrainian journal of physical optics

Topological defects of optical indicatrix orientation in optically biaxial crystals. The case of light propagation in the directions close to the optic axes