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Models on innovation, for the most part, do not include a comprehensive andend-to-end view. Most innovation policy attention seems to be focused on thecapacity to innovate and on input factors such as R&D investment, scientificinstitutions, human resources and capital. Such inputs frequently serve asproxies for innovativeness and are correlated with intermediate outputs such aspatent counts and outcomes such as GDP per capita. While this kind of analysisis generally indicative of innovative behaviour, it is less useful in terms ofdiscriminating causality and what drives successful strategy or public policyinterventions. This situation has led to the developing of new frameworks forthe innovation system led by National Science and Technology Policy Centresacross the globe. These new models of innovation are variously referred to asthe National Innovation Ecosystem. There is, however, a fundamental questionthat needs to be answered: what elements should an innovation policy include,and how should such policies be implemented? This paper attempts to answer thisquestion.

The Ecological System of Innovation: A New Architectural Framework for a Functional Evidence-Based Platform for Science and Innovation Policy