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In previous inhalation studies, rats exposed to aerosol concentrations of lead oxide (Pb 2 O 3 ), 150 μg/m 3 ; lead chloride (PbCl 2 ), 100 μg/m 3 ; nickel oxide (NiO), 120 μg/m 3 ; and nickel chloride (NiCl 2 ), 109 μg/m 3 ; significant changes were observed in the lungs and alveolar macrophages. In this study the hydroiytic enzymes, acetylesterase, acid and alkaline phos-phatases, lysozyme, and beta-glucuronidase, in alveolar macrophages and lung washout fluid from rats subjected to the inhalation of the lead and nickel aerosols were examined. Washed alveolar macrophages from animals exposed to lead and nickel aerosols were found to contain reduced quantities of the various hydrolytic enzymes (except for acetylesterase) when compared with those from control rats. On the other hand, a significant increase in enzymatic activity was noted in lung washout fluid from exposed animals. The functional efficiency of macrophages, relative enzyme changes, and the mechanism of action of metals are discussed. It is important to note that the changes observed in these studies were from animals exposed to metallic concentrations near their Threshold Limit Values.

Enzymatic Changes in Alveolar Macrophages of Rats Exposed to Lead and Nickel by Inhalation