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European industry is dependent on the import of raw materials. The European Commission has recognized that some raw materials are crucial for the function of the European economy and show a high risk of supply shortage. This communication addresses supply and substitution options for selected critical raw materials: cobalt, niobium, tungsten, yttrium, and the rare earth elements. For each element, the most relevant data concerning mining, abundance, recycling rates and possible substitutes are summarized and discussed.​

SUPPLY AND SUBSTITUTION OPTIONS FOR SELECTED CRITICAL RAW MATERIALS: COBALT, NIOBIUM, TUNGSTEN, YTTRIUM AND RARE EARTHS ELEMENTS