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The rise of vernacular literacy – what does this mean, and how can it be meaningfully conceptualized? We might conceive of vernacularization as the phenomenon that communities begin to write literature in the language where it requires the least effort for them, in the (or a) language that they speak at home, in everyday life.2 While this is based on only one out of several possible ways to explicate the vernacular, it will be a useful starting point for introducing salient features of the Tibetan linguistic sphere, and of presently entertained controversial debates. In a Tibetan context, the locally spoken language has with very few exceptions not become a medium of literary composition of any kind. Across the sparsely populated Tibetan plateau and in those adjacent areas where ethnic Tibetans have settled, a large number of dialects are spoken, altogether around fifty. “Dialect” roughly translates Tibetan yul skad,3 the language of a “place” or region. Linguists have come to name these dialects, which are not always mutually intelligible, according to the regional identification that speakers themselves provide. Thus, the Amdo dialect is the language of the region of Amdo (a mdo skad) in eastern Tibet, the Khams dialect the language spoken in Khams (khams skad), the region to the south of Amdo (now respectively in the Qinghai and Sichuan provinces of

Vernacular Literacy in Tibet: Present Debates and Historical Beginnings