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This article aims at demonstrating that an alternative to Soviet society –a socium with expanded parallel institutions of education, information and culture that were independent of the regime and impervious to its ideology existed in Soviet Lithuania which answers the idea of ‘parallel polis’ developed by Vaclav Benda, the famous Czech dissident and theoretician. to substantiate the above statement, first of all the concept of ‘parallel society’, which is not widely known in Lithuania, is disclosed relating it to the conception of opposition to a totalitarian system that has been discussed also by Lithuanian philosophers for some time past. Secondly, the article briefly dwells on the structure of the primary components of parallel society – ethno-cultural movement and Catholic underground – revealing their scope and forms of operation at the same time disclosing the way alternative institutions of education, information and culture functioned. Finally, with the help of tools of social network analysis the symbiosis of these two movements is displayed validating the statement that they can be considered elements of one-piece alternative society. although more than twenty years have passed since the fall of the soviet regime, issues of adaptation, collaboration and opposition to it in Lithuania are more an object of speculation and value-based discussion on the part of participants in that of history referring to their particular experiences than an object of professional historical research*. Mostly the history of Lithuanian resistance in the twentieth century naturally jumps from the post-war partisan struggle to national awakening * The author expresses her acknowledgements to her counterpart J. Kavaliauskaitė and the participants in the symposium ‘Being in the soviet network: embracing, interpreting or escaping from the system’ for valuable insights, remarks and advice, to the students of the institute of international relations and political science at Vilnius University: S. Kančytė, R. Garškaitė, I. Balvočiūtė and others for their input collecting data and transcribing interviews and to the participants in the ethno-cultural movement and catholic underground interviewed in the course of research for their exceptional benevolence and honesty.

Creat ing One’s Own Reality as Resistance: The Shape of ‘Parallel Society’ in Soviet Lithuania