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The Japanese government‟s efforts to value and preserve traditional townscapes, which commenced in 1975, gave birth to the denken chiku (Japanese abbreviation for „Important Districts of Traditional Built Structures‟) programme, whereby the Agency for Cultural Affairs established the valuation criteria for townscapes alongside a system of grants to ensure their survival. Before 1990, economic expansion had led to widespread economic changes that transformed both Japan‟s space and its population. Rural areas were depopulated and their economies ruined. Tourism, which was a potential new source of income, especially in rural areas, was thus prioritised in townscape protection system criteria. Most of the urban and rural designated townscapes were viable for tourism (i.e., appealing to tourists) and easily accessible (e.g., by express train). However, by 1990, when the Japanese economic bubble burst, the tourism-centred model declined along with the economy. This triggered a shift in townscape valuation: local needs and growth were prioritised over tourism appeal, the local community came to be viewed as the main agent of conservation, and the preservation of the landscape was recast as an opportunity for territorial development. As local communities are easier to recognise in small, rural locales, most of the townscapes designated since 1990 have been rural and difficult to access. Management has also changed from a public worker-centred model to a local association-centred one. The three case studies examined in this paper describe the realities of three different historical stages of Japanese architectural preservation. Stage 1 (1976–1989), which developed along with the Japanese asset price bubble, saw the development of protection plans oriented to the tourism industry as a solution to the problem of rural decline. The elements considered valuable and in need of protection were those that made the protected town understandable and attractive to tourists: the external elements of buildings were prioritized over other spatial relations, such as that between the interior and exterior living spaces of the local population. Stage 2 (1990–2003) saw the failure of the tourism model, since even a massive tourism boom could never compensate for the decline of rural heritage sites. This was an opportunity for other towns, with little touristic interest but significant historic value, to enter the denken chiku system. The socio-spatial structures that ensured the survival of towns, such as old trade routes and infrastructure, were now considered valuable, as were the needs of the community. The beginning of stage 3 (2004) was marked by the 2004 Landscape Law. Each of these three stages has brought about different results that help us picture the current state of Japanese townscape heritage.

athens journal of architecture

The Shift of the Valuation and Management Model in Japanese Protected Townscapes from a Tourism Point of View to a Local Community and Environment Point of View: Case Studies of Uchiko (1978-82), Kurayoshi (1998) and Ine (2004-05)