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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of widely used flame retardants that are&#x0D;incorporated into a wide range of consumer products such as household appliances, plastics,&#x0D;textiles and computers, to prevent fire. They were first introduced in the environment in the 1970s&#x0D;and their concentrations have been increasing ever since. Their persistence in the environment,&#x0D;widespread distribution and bioaccumulation in humans and wildlife has rendered them chemicals of&#x0D;concern.&#x0D;The main route of entry of these chemicals into the human body is via the food web, but&#x0D;occupational exposure may also occur in the workplace during handling, repair and dismantling of&#x0D;flame retarded goods. Inhalation of indoor air and dermal uptake may also be another important&#x0D;route of entry of PBDEs into humans.&#x0D;PBDEs structural similarities to better known and studied chemicals like PCBs, are causes for&#x0D;concern. Individual PBDE congeners have been associated with neurotoxic effects following&#x0D;neonatal exposure in animals and effects on thyroid hormone function. PBDEs have also been&#x0D;associated with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in humans, teratogenicity and fetal toxicity. There are still&#x0D;many toxicity gaps, including their carcinogenic potential and human health effects.&#x0D;This paper reviews the sources and exposure of humans to PBDEs, highlighting recent scientific&#x0D;data.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in humans - sources and exposure