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In this work the covariability of sea surface and lower troposphere temperatures (SST-AT) is investigated for&#x0D;winter (DJFM) and summer (JJAS), over the whole northern hemisphere, by utilizing monthly anomalies in&#x0D;grid boxes for a 22-year period. Air temperature variations in the lower troposphere are examined in terms&#x0D;of 1000-500 hPa thickness. At first, factor analysis (FA) is applied on both sets of data in order to reduce their&#x0D;dimensionality and to group objectively grid points with a similar long term temperature variability. Also, FA&#x0D;revealed numerous teleconnections in both fields, most important being those governed by PNA in the&#x0D;Pacific Ocean and NAO in the Atlantic Ocean. Then, by using the FA results as a guide, correlation coefficients&#x0D;between the mean temperature time series of the subareas defined by FA in the two fields are estimated.&#x0D;The highest values, up to r=0.70, were found for subareas located one over/under the other. Finally,&#x0D;by introducing time lags, an attempt of forecasting either SST form AT or AT from SST is made. Although&#x0D;in some cases the coefficients appear increasing, test showed that the increase is not statistically significant.&#x0D;In any case, it appears that, on monthly time scale, it is the AT that controls SST and not the vice versa.&#x0D;

On the relation between sea surface and lower temperature over the northern hemisphere