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The article is devoted to the study of the accounts of the Diary written by the Russian academician S. F. Oldenburg who was the head of the First Russian Turkestan expedition organized in East Turkistan in 1909-1910. S. F. Oldenburg’s records have not been studied enough, though they were used by few scholars earlier, one of them being N. V. Diakonova. The full text of the Diary was prepared to publication by М. D. Bukharin, the Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the author of this article in 2018 in Moscow. Despite the fact that the goal of the First Russian Turkestan expedition was to study ancient archeological sites in East Turkistan and collect manuscripts in ancient languages of East Turkistan, members of the expedition recorded valuable information on modern time and everyday life of the local population, accounts on social and economic relations in the region. The article includes preliminary analysis of the accounts of the Diary of S. F. Oldenburg and describes it as a valuable source for the study of history and culture of the Uigurs and their historical homeland – East Turkistan. The article focuses mainly on materials of the scholar relating to customs, traditions of the Uigurs, sacred Muslim sites (mazars) and folk songs (qoshaq).

SOCIAL HISTORY OF EASTERN TURKISTAN IN THE DIARY OF THE HEAD OF THE FIRST RUSSIAN TURKISTAN EXPEDITION ACADEMICIAN S. F. OLDENBURG (1909–1910)