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the purpose of the study was to further investigate the validity of the instrument used for collecting preservice teachers' perceptions of self-efficacy adapting the three-level hierarchical generalized linear modeling (HGLM) model. to serve the purpose, the study used data collected by the research team which elicited preservice teachers' self-efficacy beliefs using Teachers' Sense of Efficacy Scale (TSES). HGLM were used to analyze the data. results of the HGLM analyses (at level-two) showed that one item in the scale displayed gender DIF. Another item became DIF item when the context variable was added to the level-two model. However, the effect of the context on the DIF item was not big. ArtIcLE INFO

journal of international education and practice

Using Hierarchical Generalized Linear Modeling to Examine Contextual Differential Item Functioning: A Validity Study of Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale