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As the stock markets of the developing countries grow and assume a more prominent role in the economy, the regulatory framework continues to evolve alongside. Functions of a market regulator include enhancing disclosure of information and preventing the misuse of asymmetric or insider information, thereby increasing efficiency of intermediation by financial markets with respect to savings, price discovery, allocation of investment, and the pricing and hedging of risk. Regulatory agencies can add value by reducing problems of information asymmetry and moral hazard by enhancing transparency and disclosure and by mitigating conflicts of interest. Moreover, regulators in the emerging markets are particularly concerned over excessive market volatility since it is considered, among other factors, reflecting possible market manipulation and speculative trading. In the presence of network effects, where value to any one individual increases with the increase in the number of participants, a herding behaviour can ensue and lead to excessive volatility and sharp swings in the stock prices. A lack of trust in the fairness of markets due to potential for manipulation, highlighted by recurring scandals, scams, and irrational exuberance of the investors, manifesting itself in speculative bubbles, exacerbate the market volatility. Such manipulative and speculative behaviour imposes implicit costs on the market participants and increases the cost of intermediation. The inefficiencies in market intermediation

Market Volatility, Manipulation, and Regulatory Response: A Comparative Study of Bombay and Karachi Stock Markets