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It is meaningful for evaluating carbon emission of battery packs of electric vehicles in their whole life cycle. In this paper, we give a new method to estimate carbon emission of battery packs in their life cycle. The method aims at evaluating carbon emission of different kinds of battery packs and their recycle methods reasonably, which can be useful for energy conservation and emission reduction of battery packs and their recycle methods as well. Introduction With the increasingly serious environment problems and energy crisis, developing electric vehicles (EVs) has become a vital approach to realizing energysafetyand sustanable development. Automobile industry plays a great role in national economic system and the healthy development of it mostly relies on the progress and industrialization of technologies of EVs. In the recent years, the main automobile producing countries in the world have taken EVs as an important strategy for improving industrial competitiveness and maintaining sustainable development of social economics. Governments of these countries also provided policies to encourage developing EV industry. As an essential approach to solve energy crisis and environment pollution problem, it is important to apply the theory of whole life cycle to EV battery packs. Through the theory, model of carbon emission in whole life cycle of EV battery packs was built to analyze battery packs’energy consumption and emissions. The research provides a solution to optimal the design of battery packs [1]. Carbon emission model of battery packs Battery packs of EVs usually consist of battery box, single batteries, shells of battery components, shells of battery packs, battery management system (BMS). A single battery includes anode, cathode, separator, electrolyte, shell, etc. The whole cycle life of a battery pack can be divided into three periods: manufacturing, using and recycling [2, 3]. Each step exists carbon emission. In the first term, carbon emission is caused by energy consumption during manufacturing components of batteries. Carbon emission produced in the second term is mostly caused by electric energy loss during charge and discharge. In the third term, disassembly and dissolution of battery components will consume energy which causes carbon emission. In table 1, different parameters are used to represent carbon emission of different components in different steps. In this table, seven different components of battery packs are taken as example, the table can be extended if there are more components. The carbon emission Qj of each component in different period can be calculated by the following method: 1) Manufacture Q ∑ t c (1) 2) Using Q fQd (2) 2nd International Conference on Machinery, Materials Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology (MMECEB 2015) © 2016. The authors Published by Atlantis Press 249 Table 1 Carbon emission in different steps Carbon Emission Battery Pack Box Connecting Lines Single Battery Anode (g/kg) Cathode (g/kg) Separator (g/kg) Electrolyte (g/kg) Shell (g/kg) Manufact‐u ring Step a11 a12 a13 a14 a15 a16 a17 Using Step a21 a22 a23 a24 a25 a26 a27 Recycling Step a31 a32 a33 a34 a35 a36 a37 Total Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 3) Recycling Q d d (3) In this equation,Q represents the emission of each different components in recycling, its unit is g/kg. dR1 represents the carbon emission of electric energy or other consumption in recycle process, its unit is g/kg, dR2 is the carbon emission that can be reduced after recycling, its unit is g/kg. The total carbon emission of each component in whole life cycle is: Q Q Q Q (4) Thus, the total emission of the battery pack can be concluded as: Q ∑ Q (5) Optimize Method There are various methods to produce and recycle batteries. This thesis assumes that both producing and recycling batteries have two different methods. The network diagram is shown in Fig.1. In Fig.1, a11 and a12 represents carbon emission of the two different ways to produce battery box in manufacturing step, a31 and a32 represents carbon emission of the two different ways to recycle battery box in recycling step. b11 and b12 represents carbon emission of the two different ways to produce connecting lines in manufacturing step, b31 and b32 represents carbon emission of the two different ways to recycle connecting lines in recycling step. c11 and c12 represents carbon emission of the two different ways to produce anode materials in manufacturing step, c31 and c32 represents carbon emission of the two different ways to recycle anode materials in recycling step. d11 and d12 represents carbon emission of the two different ways to produce cathode materials in manufacturing step, d31 and d32 represents carbon emission of the two different ways to recycle cathode materials in recycling step. e11 and e12 represents carbon emission of the two different ways to produce electrolyte materials in manufacturing step, e31 and e32 represents carbon emission of the two different ways to recycle electrolyte materials in recycling step.f11 and f12 represents carbon emission of the two different ways to produceseparator materials in manufacturing step, f31 and f32 represents carbon emission of the two different ways to recycle separator materials in recycling step. g11 and g12 represents carbon emission of the two different ways to produce shell materials in manufacturing step, g31 and g32 represents carbon emission of the two different ways to recycle shell materials in recycling step. Take the battery box as an example. Different ways to produce battery box lead to different carbon emission. Generally, the method which has less carbon emission is considered as more environmental-friendly and better economic benefitone.Thus, selection of the least carbon emission method is significant for battery producers.

Study on Carbon Emission Estimation and Reduction Methods of Electric Vehicle Battery Packs in Whole Life Cycle