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The bioactivity of titanium treated with boiling diluted alkali process was evaluated by immersing the specimens into a supersaturated calcification solution (SCS). Biomimetic bone-like apatite with typical characteristics of low crystallinity and lower Ca/P atomic ratio ranging from 1.33 to 1.45 was deposited on titanium surface. Uniform and dense needle-like apatite in the size of several microns was deposited by boiling diluted alkali treatment but without acid etching and heat treatment. The critical and imperative factor to activate the nucleation and growth of apatite is the boiling diluted alkali treatment other than acid etching or heat treatment. The nucleation and growth of the apatite deposited on titanium surface can be attributed to the amphoteric adsorption characteristics and negatively-charged surface of titanium oxides or titania gel.

Biomimetic Apatite Layer on Titanium by Diluted Alkali Treatment