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In order to optimize the application of biodiesel for diesel engines, the low-temperature fluidity, pulverization and evaporation, erosion capability and invariability of diesel and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) were compared and analyzed. The cold filter plugging point, solidifying point, distillation temperature, flash point, kinematic viscosity, specific gravity, gelatin content, carbon residue, sculpture content, acidity, copper corrosion and ash tests were investigated according to the specifications given in the standards of China on certified machines. Introduction Diesel engines are efficient power machinery for automotive applications due to their better fuel economy compared to gasoline engines. However, stringent emission regulations and future depletion of petroleum reserves force us to explore new technologies to develop alternative fuel as well as reduce pollutant emissions [1]. Alternative fuels such as biodiesel and ethanol can satisfy the demand for renewable energy sources with low environmental impacts. While ethanol has been used as a total or partial substitute fuel for gasoline in countries like Brazil and USA, vegetable oil or animal fat derived biodiesel has largely grown as a substitute for diesel oil. Biodiesel has progressively been used to reduce diesel sulfur content [2]. Biodiesel is produced by transesterification of oil, where one mole of oil is chemically reacted with three moles of an alcohol in presence of a catalyst. In this reversible reaction, the glycerol moiety of the triglyceride molecule is replaced with an alkali radical of the alcohol used, giving alkyl based monoesters [3]. Biodiesel is now mainly being produced from soybean and rapeseed oils. Soybean oil is of primary interest as biodiesel source in the United States, while many European countries are concerned with rapeseed oil, and countries with tropical climate prefer to utilize coconut oil or palm oil. However, any vegetable oil-corn, cottonseed, peanut, sunflower, safflower, coconut or palm-could be used to produce biodiesel [4]. Furthermore, other sources of biodiesel studied include animal fats and used or waste cooking oils. Researchers are also developing algae that produce oils, which can be converted to biodiesel. Although biodiesel has many advantages when it comes to fuel properties, it still has several properties that need to be improved, such as its lower calorific value, lower horsepower output, and its comparatively higher emission of nitrogen oxides [5]. Fuel characterization data show some similarities and differences between biodiesel and petro diesel fuels. Sulfur content of petro diesel is 20-50 times those of biodiesels [4]. Several municipalities are considering mandating the use of low levels of biodiesel in diesel fuel on the basis of several studies which have found HC and particulate matter (PM) benefits from the use of biodiesel [6]. Ayman [4] investigated the higher heating values of biodiesel from soybean and rapeseed and palm oil. The higher heating values (HHVs) of biodiesels were relatively high. The HHVs of biodiesels (39-41 MJ/kg) were slightly lower than that of gasoline (46 MJ/kg), petro diesel (43 MJ/kg) or petroleum (42 MJ/kg), but higher than coal (32-37 MJ/kg). International Conference on Materials, Environmental and Biological Engineering (MEBE 2015) © 2015. The authors Published by Atlantis Press 525 In order to compare and analyses the low-temperature fluidity, pulverization and evaporation, erosion capability and invariability of diesel and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The cold filter plugging point, solidifying point, distillation temperature, flash point, kinematic viscosity, specific gravity, gelatin content, carbon residue, sculpture content, acidity, copper corrosion and ash tests were investigated according to the specifications given in the standards of China on certified machines in this paper. Test procedure In order to compare and analyses the low-temperature fluidity, according to the standard SH/T 0248 and GB/T 510 of China, the cold filter plugging point and solidifying point of diesel and FAME were tested. In order to compare and analyses the pulverization and evaporation, according to the standard GB/T 6536, GB/T 261 and GB/T 265, the distillation temperature at 50%, 90% and 95%, flash point, kinematic viscosity at 20°C and 40°C of diesel and FAME were tested. In order to compare and analyses the erosion capability, according to the standard GB/T 380 and GB/T 258, the sculpture content and acidity of diesel and FAME were tested. In order to compare and analyses the invariability, according to the standard SH/T 0175 and GB/T 268, the gelatin content and carbon residue of diesel and FAME were tested. Results and discussion Low-temperature fluidity. The variation in cold filter plugging point and solidifying point between diesel and FAME is presented in Fig.1. Cold filter plugging point (CFPP) is the lowest temperature, at which a given volume of diesel type of fuel still passes through a standardized filtration device in a specified time when cooled under certain conditions. This is important as in cold temperate countries and a high cold filter plugging point will clog up vehicle engines more easily. Compare with diesel, the cold filter plugging point of FAME decreases while the solidifying point increases.

Comparison of Fuel Properties between Diesel and Fatty Acid Methyl Ester