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Sequence labeling is a common machine-learning task which not only needs the most likely prediction of label for a local input but also seeks the most suitable annotation for the whole input sequence. So it requires the model that is able to handle both the local spatial features and temporal-dependence features effectively. Furthermore, it is common for the length of the label sequence to be much shorter than the input sequence in some tasks such as speech recognition and handwritten text recognition. In this paper, we propose a kind of novel deep neural network architecture which combines convolution, pooling and recurrent in a unified framework to construct the convolutional recurrent neural network (CRNN) for sequence labeling tasks with variable lengths of input and output. Specifically, we design a novel CRNN to achieve the joint extraction of local spatial features and long-distance temporal-dependence features in sequence, introduce pooling along time to achieve a transform of long input to short output which will also reduce he model’s complexity, and adopt Connectionist Temporal Classification (CTC) layer to achieve an end-to-end pattern for sequence labeling. Experiments on phoneme sequence recognition and handwritten character sequence recognition have been conducted and the results show that our method achieves great performance while having a more simplified architecture with more efficient training and labeling procedure.

End-to-End Sequence Labeling via Convolutional Recurrent Neural Network with a Connectionist Temporal Classification Layer