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Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are subject to node failures because of limited energy and link unreliability which makes the design of routing protocols in such networks a challenging task. The multipath routing scheme is an optimal alternative to address this problem which splits the traffic across multiple paths instead of routing all the traffic along a single path. However, using more paths introduces more contentions which degrade energy efficiency. The problem becomes even more difficult in the scenario of multiple source-destination pairs since the flow distribution of each link is uncertain. Our goal is to minimize the energy cost and provide the robust transmission by choosing the optimal paths. We propose a Distributed Energy Efficient Routing protocol (D2ER) to achieve this goal. In D2ER, we first study the problem from a theoretical standpoint by mapping it to the multi-commodity network design problem. Then, we employ the transportation method to solve this problem since it is hard to build a global addressing scheme due to the great number of sensor nodes. Simulation results demonstrate that our optimal algorithm can save energy drastically. Index Terms - Energy efficient; wireless sensor networks; routing

D2ER: Distributed Energy Efficient Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks with Unreliable Links