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With the development of navigation technology, the interplanetary missions have made large progress in the past decades. In order to accurately estimate the states of the spacecraft and correctly deliver the spacecraft to the predetermined orbit, deep space autonomous navigation system is investigated. Earlier research has testified that optical navigation technique is a reliable and promising scheme. In this paper, optical navigation system, based on earth and star information, is applied to autonomously update the states of the spacecraft in earth departure phase. To verify the navigation algorithm, observability analysis is performed, the degree of which is quantified by the determinant of Fisher information matrix. An Extended Kalman Filter is used to give the navigation estimate error bound and examine the navigation accuracy of this algorithm in the simulation. The results indicate that the navigation scheme is effective and estimates the position and velocity of the spacecraft accurately. Introduction During the past 50 years, NASA, ESA, JAXA and other powerful space countries or organizations have sent plenty of spacecrafts into space to visit other natural bodies in the Solar System. These missions included high speed flyby, rendezvous, orbiting and landing [1]. As one of the challenges in deep space missions, navigation is crucial for successful positioning [2]. Among majority of past deep space missions, this process heavily relied on earth ground tracking station, which, however, significantly increases workload of ground support system. In order to overcome the limitation, it is necessary to develop a reliable autonomous navigation system that could obtain information about spacecraft location and velocity. As one of the important roles in the autonomous navigation system, optical navigation is extensively used. The key technologies of optical navigation for deep space exploration are developed in Voyager series missions [3]. But the first major attempt to shift navigation from ground-based to onboard operations was made by NASA for the Deep Space 1 mission in 1999 [4]. Afterwards, the Japanese asteroid return mission Hayabusa employed wide angle cameras [5] and Smart-1 of ESA employed the advanced Moon Imaging Experiment camera for onboard autonomous navigation [6]. Moreover, NEAR relied heavily on optical navigation [7].The examples listed above explain the utility of optical navigation to a wide range of missions. 593 Advances in Computer Science Research (ACRS), volume 54 International Conference on Computer Networks and Communication Technology (CNCT2016)

Autonomous Optical Navigation for Spacecraft in Earth Departure Phase