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In multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks, communications with directional antennas can effectively improve the transmission range of the node. Most of existing directional routing protocols adopt the four-way handshaking mechanism which transmits and receives with directional and omnidirectional antennas respectively. As a result, the transmission range of the node is tremendously limited due to the underutilization of the directional antenna gain of the receiver. To solve this problem, in this paper, a directional cross-layer routing protocol based on location information for multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks is proposed. In this protocol, we propose a novel handshaking mechanism to achieve directional to directional beam alignment. Further, the source node chooses the optimal directional to directional Routing by a cross-layer manner. Simulation results show that the protocol can achieve the better throughput and end-to-end delay performance compares with that obtained by the existing directional routing protocol. Introduction In the multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks[1-2], directional transmission can not only increase the transmission range, but also reduce the number of route hops, the end-to-end delay and improve the utilization of the network space. However, communication with directional antenna causes the new problems of directional access, such as "directional hidden terminal"[3-4] and "deafness"[5-6] etc. These problems will affect routing discovery and maintenance. For the network layer, although communication with directional antenna can reduce the flooding area of route request (RREQ) packets, it increases the failure probability of route discovery, and leads to increased routing overhead and redundant routing reconfiguration. All of the above problems will cause network performance degradation. Related Work Aiming at the problems of "directional hidden terminal" caused by the difference of directional gain and omnidirectional gain in antenna operation and "deafness" of the node, the author proposed a hybrid routing protocol based on mixed multi-path in [7], it provided that the source and forwarding nodes can find routing through omnidirectional broadcasts to achieve the link connection. By selecting the optimal route with no overlapping beam, it can reduce the interference of "directional hidden terminal" and "deafness". However, this method of route discovery will increase the average end-to-end delay of the packets. Aiming at the problem of directed flooding overhead, H. Gharavi and B. Hu proposed the Directional DSR protocol in [8]. The protocol selects the routes based on the shortest route hops, the number of overlapping 30 Advances in Computer Science Research (ACRS), volume 54 International Conference on Computer Networks and Communication Technology (CNCT2016)

A Cross-Layer Routing Protocol Based on Location Information for Multi-hop Wireless Ad hoc Networks with Directional Antenna