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In this study, we aimed to discover whether father’s involvement with adolescents differs based on the adolescents’ gender and cultural differences. The study population included immigrant South Koreans (n = 106) who currently live in Jakarta and Indonesians (n = 343) who currently live in Jabodetabek regions, with an age range of 15 to 18 years old. This research used the Nurturant Fathering Scale (affective domain), the Reported Father Involvement Scale (behavioral domain), and the Desired Father Involvement Scale (desired domain) to measure father’s involvement. The data were collected through both offline and online questionnaires in high schools (both national and international). A two-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. This study found that father’s involvement did not differ between male and female adolescents. However, father’s involvement did differ based on culture, with immigrant South Korean fathers showing higher levels of involvement in the behavioral domain than Indonesian (Jabodetabek) fathers, particularly in the “providing income” item of the behavioral domain. Conversely, Indonesian fathers showed much higher levels of involvement in the desired domain than immigrant South Korean fathers, especially in “providing income” of the father toward Indonesian adolescents. Moreover, no interaction effects of gender and cultural differences were found on father’s involvement.

Comparison of Father’s Involvement in Korean Immigrants and Indonesians: Gender and Cultural Differences