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This article provides a descriptive account of five multilingual pragmatic markers –  nje ,  mara ,  kanti ,  vele  and  kaloku  – which are borrowed from indigenous South African languages into South African English, with a view to investigating their frequencies, spelling stability, syntactic positioning, distribution across text types, collocational patterns and discourse-pragmatic functions. The data, which are extracted from the South African component of the Global Web-based English corpus, are analysed quantitatively and qualitatively, from a postcolonial corpus pragmatic perspective. The results show that the multilingual pragmatic markers are generally infrequent compared to their English counterparts, their spellings are generally stable and their positions in the utterances are based on their functions. The article identifies  nje  as an attitudinal marker, a focus particle, an emphasis marker, an intensifier and a marker of shared knowledge,  mara  as a contrastive marker and  kanti  as a contrastive marker, an inferential marker and an emphasis marker.  Vele  is an emphasis marker, while  kaloku  is an attention marker, a topic orientation marker and an inferential marker. In conclusion, these multilingual pragmatic markers contribute to the distinctive nature of South African English at the pragmatic level.

Multilingual pragmatic markers in South African English