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Accompanying the growing intensity of globalization, nation-to-nation interdependencies are on the rise, meaning that events and decisions in one nation increasingly have effects in other nations. Despite this increased interconnectivity, the populations of various nations do not communicate with one another prior to making collective decisions, although those same decisions might negatively impact another nation. Despite the increased legitimacy of democracy, there is a lack of international democratic institutions for national populations to deliberate together to deal with these rising interpendencies. National democratic institutions are generally designed in ways that only allow citizens to vote in elections and to send representatives to legislatures, allowing no guarantee that the views of foreign populations will be considered. As a result, it has become important to design -- or, in the words of Thomas Franck, to "rethink" -- potential systems of global democracy. The most typical yet unrealistic institutional design suggestion is to establish a world government or single global assembly modeled and inspired by the image of a "world state." Alternatives to the world state include the "one state, one vote" rule as exercised in the United Nations General Assembly and national representative democracy in which each nation-state in the world is a democracy. As part of an examination of the challenges of designing international democracy, the models advanced by democratic theorists are explored, including those of David Held, Thomas Franck, Richard Falk, Andrew Strauss, Michael Reisman, Innis Claude, and Hilary French. The challenges of international democracy are two-fold: (1) ensuring that the autonomy of nation-states is preserved, and (2) “lifting” the bifurcation that prevents national populations from communicating directly to one another. As presently structured, the state-centric international system has been complicit in separating citizens of different nations from one another. The challenge is to find a way democratically link national populations without bringing them together under a single roof, where smaller nations' autonomy might be overwhelmed by larger ones and prompted to cede their sovereignty. As a thought experiment, a version of international democracy that meets the criteria of preserving national autonomy and lifting the bifurcation between national populations is explored. This version of international democracy is described as the "public deliberation model,” inspired by deliberative democracy theorists Jurgen Habermas, Amy Guttmann and Dennis Thompson.

Toward Global Democracy: Thoughts in Response to the Rising Tide of Nation-to-Nation Interdependencies