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The evolution of oceanic and climatic conditions the northeast Indian Ocean during the last 7 m.y. is revealed in the sediments from Site 758. We present detailed and continuous records of δ 1 8 θ and δ 1 C from planktonic foraminifers, weight percent calcium carbonate, weight percent coarse fraction, magnetic susceptibility, and geomagnetic reversals. Sample spacing of the records ranges from 3 to 10 cm and is equivalent to an average time interval of 2000 to 6000 yr. Despite the fact that core recovery ranged between 100% and 105%, recovery gaps as large as 2.7 m occurred at nearly every break between advanced hydraulic piston cores. Approximately 12% of the late Neogene sequence was not recovered in each of the two holes drilled at Site 758. To circumvent the discontinuity introduced by the gaps, a composite depth section was constructed from multiple cores taken from offset holes at Site 758. The resulting composite depth section extends continuously from 0 to 116 mbsf, from the Holocene to the upper Miocene. A detailed chronostratigraphy is based on geomagnetic reversals which extend from the Brunhes Chron to Chron 6, and on δ O stages 1 through 105, which span from 0 to 2.5 Ma. The δ 1 8 θ record is dominated by a ~40-k.y. cycle in the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene, and is followed by a change to a ~lOO-k.y. cycle in the late Pleistocene. The mid-Pleistocene transition between these two modes of variability occurs between δ 1 8 θ stages 25 and 22 (between 860 and 800 Ka). Thirteen major volcanic ash horizons from the Indonesian arc are observed throughout the sedimentary section and are dated by their relative position within the geomagnetic reversals and the δ 1 8 θ chronostratigraphy. Since 5 Ma, there has been a long-term decline in weight percent CaCθ3 and CaCθ3 mass accumulation rates, and an associated rise in non-CaCθ3 mass accumulation rates. We attribute these changes to a decrease in CaCθ3 productivity and an increase in terrigenous sedimentation through enhanced riverine input. Such input may be linked to rapid tectonic uplift of the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau via mechanisms such as the intensification of the monsoonal rains, increased fluvial erosion, and regional glaciation. The long-term increase in percent coarse fraction since 5 Ma suggests a gradual increase in CaCθ3 preservation. Higher frequency fluctuations in CaCθ3 preservation are superimposed on the long-term trend and are related to climate fluctuations. The abrupt drop (-50%) in CaC03 accumulation at 3.4 Ma signals a dramatic decrease in CaCθ3 production that occurred over much of the Indian Ocean.

Late Neogene Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology of the Northeast Indian Ocean (Site 758)