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The Site 609 record of variations in planktonic foraminiferal abundance between 3.5 and 1.0 Ma was examined. Prior to the onset of major Northern Hemisphere glaciation at 2.45 Ma, large cyclic variations in North Atlantic hydrography occurred, including a pronounced cooling between 3.4 and 3.2 Ma. We interpret this cooling event as a long-term southward displacement of the North Atlantic Drift. Between 2.4 and 2.3 Ma, a dramatic change in the foraminiferal fauna, characterized by the disappearances of Neogloboquadrina atlantica and Globorotalia puncticulata and an increased abundance of right-coiling Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, followed the initiation of Northern Hemisphere glaciation. Globorotalia inflata, the evolutionary descendant of Globorotalia puncticulata, was not abundant at this site until 2.1 Ma, and left-coiling Neogloboquadrina pachyderma did not become a dominant polar species in this area until 1.7 Ma.

Pliocene-Pleistocene Paleoceanography of the North Atlantic at Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 609